IFNG and neoplasm: In our results, the combination of ICI with immune stimulatory oncolytic Ad has led to elevation of Th1/Th2 cytokine ratio (IFN-γ/IL-10 and IFN-γ/IL-6) (Figs. 4A and B), implying that combination therapy can revert tumor-mediated immunosuppression by simultaneous boosting of Th1 cytokine expression and reduction in Th2 cytokines.