Lastly, the strong synergy between oncolytic Ads and αPD-1 observed in the present study against poorly immunogenic melanoma and pancreatic cancer could also be clinically relevant, since PD-1 inhibitor, pembrolizumab, has shown superior efficacy over αCTLA-4, ipilimumab, in advanced melanoma patients and it is currently the only ICI approved for the treatment of pancreatic cancer by United States Food and Drug Administration (Long et al. 2024; Yoon et al. 2023). Here, PDCD1 is linked to pancreatic neoplasm.