Importantly, RdB/IL12/DCN in combination with ICIs (αPD-1, αPD-L1, or αCTLA-4) induced superior tumor growth inhibition than respective ICI or oncolytic Ad monotherapies, showing preliminary evidence that mouse-reactive αPD-1, αPD-L1, or αCTLA-4 may exert therapeutic effect in Syrian hamster tumor model. Here, DCN is linked to neoplasm.