For instance, IL-12 promotes cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cell activation via interferon (IFN)-γ production, while GM-CSF facilitates the recruitment and activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to induce tumor-specific adaptive immunity (Cheng et al. 2022; Kumar et al. 2022). Here, CSF2 is linked to neoplasm.