Interestingly, CD4+ Texterm phenotype exhibited the highest expression of cytotoxic markers (PRF1, GZMA, GZMB, IFNG, and GNLY) (Supplementary Fig. 12e), aligning with recent discoveries indicating that cytotoxic CD4+ T cells within tumors can directly kill cancer cells29,30. The gene discussed is GZMA; the disease is cancer.