Each tumor sample was divided into three parts, and each part was subjected to different treatments and analyses, including: (1) scRNA-seq for whole tumor cells; (2) magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) targeting CD45+ cells in tumor, followed by paired scRNA-seq and scTCR/BCR-seq; and (3) spatial transcriptomic sequencing for frozen tumor samples (Fig. 1a). Here, PTPRC is linked to neoplasm.