TNF and acute kidney injury: The study also demonstrated that pretreatment with febuxostat in vivo significantly improved the prognosis of SA-AKI mice by reducing the levels of BUN, serum creatinine, TNF-α, IL-6, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in peripheral blood and by improving histological damage, reducing kidney tubular cell apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and inhibiting infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages in the kidneys [52].