IL6 and chronic kidney disease: Since TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 are all elevated following renal I/R injury [24,25], and TGF-β1 is considered a key pro-fibrotic factor involved in the transition from acute kidney injury (AKI) to CKD [26,27], inhibition of MMCP-4 by TY-51469 likely reduces the production of both inflammatory and fibrotic mediators, such as TNF-α and TGF-β1.