TNF and hepatocellular carcinoma: (3) HMGB1/RAGE signaling pathway: In HCC, TP73-AS1 upregulates the HMGB1/RAGE signaling axis, promoting the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α), thereby significantly enhancing the malignant proliferation of HCC cells [16].