NFKB1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Furthermore, they reported that ISO exerts protective effects in COPD mice by modulating inflammation and oxidative stress, specifically through the modulation of myeloperoxidase activity, malondialdehyde levels, and the expression and activity of key signaling pathways, including nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) [14].