SOD1 and diabetes mellitus: There is individual variability between individual patients in terms of metabolism, body mass index (BMI); genetic and epigenetic factors; the activity of single-gene antioxidant systems (SOD, GPx, etc.); intracellular ROS metabolism (including mitochondrial damage); immune response (hyperinflammatory phenotype or immune dysfunction); presence of dysbiosis, etc. In certain patients, a non-specific correlation between individual markers can be observed, which explains why some patients with diabetes develop severe DR-DME compared to others despite similar therapeutic regimens.