EGF and neoplasm: Key growth factors, including epidermal growth factor (EGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [6], and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-β) [10], stimulate this signaling through specific receptors, such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), thereby promoting tumor cell proliferation, survival, and metastatic potential [6].