One notable study is that reported by Cardinal et al., the results of which suggest a possible mechanism involved in patients with ESRD and endothelial dysfunction, apparently through six genes associated with the regulation of cell cycle progression (CDK-1, topoisomerase II, PDZ-binding kinase, CDCA1, protein SDP35, and transcription factor E2F) and two cholesterol exit system genes (ABCA1 and ABCG1), which are deregulated in HCAECs exposed to uremic plasma [36]. Here, ABCA1 is linked to endothelial dysfunction.