Decreased SCFAs, a common feature across diseases, exacerbate inflammation and impaired energy metabolism in cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart failure; inhibit insulin sensitivity in obesity, T2D, and MASLD; and lead to impaired intestinal barrier function in CD and UC, whereas elevated TMAO, by promoting thrombosis and foam cell accumulation, generally exacerbates cardiovascular disease risk. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is Obesity.