VCAM1 and endothelial dysfunction: The disruption of sRBCs, endothelial dysfunction and inflammation can also potentially lead to endothelial activation and release of inflammatory factors, such as selectins (E- and P-), vascular cell adhesion molecules-1 (VCAM-1), ICAM-1, and key leukocyte chemoattractant, such as interleukin-8 (IL-8), which promote the release of vasoactive peptides, such as endothelin-1, that stimulate vasoconstriction [21,23,24]; in addition, the potential activation of neutrophils and platelets results in their increased affinity for the endothelial wall and sRBCs, contributing to vessel occlusion [25].