In addition, pathways of high significance to various degrees in both male and female GWI patients included those tied to systemic lupus erythematosus, activated PKN1, HCMV events, activation of HOX genes during differentiation, oxidative stress-induced senescence, lymphocyte activation, and immune response-activating signaling pathways (Figure 4A). The gene discussed is PKN1; the disease is systemic lupus erythematosus.