TRAF6 and infection: Consequently, we examined cellular samples, respectively, infected with 2308WT and 2308ΔbspF, when the NI control group was set, which revealed a considerable reduction in TRAF6 protein expression following 2308WT infection, whereas the protein expression was restored upon 2308ΔbspF infection, supporting the notion that BspF curtails the expression of TRAF6 within cells (Figure 4A).