Certain cancer-associated cytokines, such as granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), enhance megakaryopoiesis and increase platelet counts, inducing tumor-educated megakaryocytes that play a pivotal role in the formation of TEPs, particularly under the influence of IL-6. Here, CSF3 is linked to cancer.