Specifically, the activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), stress signals, pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12, IL-18, and type I IFNs, transcription factors such as STAT1, STAT4, and NF-κB, as well as metabolic reprogramming can occur during infection, further activating the IFN-γ pathway. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and infection.