This clearly visualized that several pathways related to viral infection (i.e., ‘NOD-like receptor signaling pathway’, ‘TNF signaling pathway’, ‘viral protein interaction with cytokine and cytokine receptor’, ‘neutrophil migration’, ‘response to virus’, and ‘cellular response to interferon-β’) were not induced as much in the lung tissue of mice receiving both exposures compared to mice infected with influenza alone (Figure 7D). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and viral infectious disease.