This clearly visualized that several pathways related to viral infection (i.e., ‘NOD-like receptor signaling pathway’, ‘TNF signaling pathway’, ‘viral protein interaction with cytokine and cytokine receptor’, ‘neutrophil migration’, ‘response to virus’, and ‘cellular response to interferon-β’) were not induced as much in the lung tissue of mice receiving both exposures compared to mice infected with influenza alone (Figure 7D). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is influenza.