PCNA and hepatocellular carcinoma: Cardamonin, a chalcone derivative from Alpina Katsumadai, tested on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and HepG2 cells [171,172], showed effects upon the intrinsic and the extrinsic apoptosis pathways in mitochondria; the anti-tumor effect occurred via the stimulation of the intracellular generation of radical oxidative species/ROS) concomitantly with the inhibition of the nuclear factor Nf-kB pathway and other important apoptosis regulator proteins in cells (e.g., the cell nuclear antigen/PCNA, the antigen Ki-67 nuclear protein and the B cell-lymphoma proteins Bcl-2 and Bax).