IL1B and neoplasm: However, surgical debulking results in altered cytokine levels, such as decreases in IL-2 signaling and increases in IL-1/6/8/10 signaling, as well as the release of growth factors, clotting factors, and stress hormones (8) that lead to the expansion of regulatory and suppressive immune cells, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM; refs. 9, 10).