TNF and ulcerative colitis: Furthermore, TA demonstrated potent inhibition of TNF-α-mediated NF-κB inflammatory pathway activation in intestinal tissues, while its active constituent isovitexin effectively mitigated TNF-α-induced epithelial cell damage, collectively highlighting their complementary anti-inflammatory mechanisms.<h4>Discussion</h4>Collectively, Thlaspi arvense (TA) ameliorates ulcerative colitis through synergistic mechanisms involving gut microbiota modulation, inflammatory pathway suppression, and intestinal barrier preservation.