TNF and cancer: Notably, studies in breast and colorectal cancer have established CXCL1 as a driver of EMT, yet direct evidence for this mechanism in ovarian cancer remains limited, warranting further validation in larger clinical datasets Secreted factors from M1 macrophages, including TNF-α and CXCL1, have been shown in other cancers such as breast and colorectal cancer to promote cancer cell migration and invasion via NF-κB activation.