ALB and diabetes mellitus: Thyroid hormones, including free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), were assessed alongside renal and metabolic markers such as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), serum creatinine, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and duration of diabetes.