569 In addition, elevated TTBK1/2 protein levels were found in the postmortem frontal cortex of patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration, and TTBK1/2 colocalized with TDP-43 inclusions in ALS spinal cord.570 These studies suggest that targeting kinases may be an effective strategy for treating TDP-43 proteinopathy. This evidence concerns the gene TARDBP and proteostasis deficiencies.