Activation of JNK or p38 MAPK in PD promotes the apoptosis of neurons,327 while activation of ERK1/2 MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways supports cell survival.328 Here, we summarize the major PD risk genes highly associated with kinases and elucidate their multifaceted contributions to PD-related disturbance of kinase signaling pathways (Figs. 2 and 8). This evidence concerns the gene MAPK8 and Parkinson disease.