Interestingly, JNK and p38 MAPK can be indirectly phosphorylated by LRRK2 via MAP2K, possibly because the LRRK2 kinase domain has a high homology with the MAP3K family members.396,397 Moreover, PD-associated LRRK2-G2019S mutation has been found to exhibit augmented phosphotransferase activity for MAP2K.396 Several drugs, such as SKF-86002,398 SB203580,399 and SB202190,400 inhibiting JNK/p38 MAPK and their upstream pathways have been tested in several models of PD. This evidence concerns the gene MAPK8 and Parkinson disease.