PINK1 and Parkinson disease: Mutations in several PD-associated genes cause abnormalities in the AKT signaling pathway which maintains fundamental functions in dopaminergic neurons.376 In an in vitro model of PD, 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) treatment has been found to inactivate AKT.377 PINK1 regulates the activation of insulin-dependent AKT signaling pathway,378 possibly by phosphorylating FK506 binding protein 5, and rescues the damage of mitochondrial complex I induced by MPP+.