Mechanistically, eNVs-FAP suppresses tumor growth through a multifaceted approach: (1) reducing immunosuppressive cell populations like MDSCs, M2 macrophages, and Tregs, (2) eliminating FAP-positive CAFs within the tumor microenvironment, and (3) reprogramming the TME to promote immune activation and tumor ferroptosis [11, 127]. This evidence concerns the gene FAP and neoplasm.