TNF and bacterial infectious disease with sepsis: Along with this significant reduction of bacterial load, the impact of antimicrobial treatment on systemic and neuroinflammation was evaluated by quantifying levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in the heart, spleen and brain, with IL-6 being an inflammatory cytokine often used as clinical marker in patients with bacterial sepsis (Yang, X. et al., 2023; Song, J. et al., 2019; Rincón-López, E. M. et al., 2021) (Fig. 5E and Supplementary Fig. S4).