Production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, CCL5 and TGF-β (Fig. 2a) were found to be upregulated in macrophages incubated with HNSCC-sEVs, while two anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and CCL22 were significantly downregulated. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.