TNF and neoplasm: Innate immune cells, such as mature dendritic cells (mDCs) and M1-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), secrete cytokines, such as IFN-α, IL-12, IL-18, and TNF, along with chemokines like CXCL9, CXCL10, and CCL21, which effectively suppress tumor angiogenesis.