GPN1 and cancer: No signal for GPN1 was evident in analysis restricted to Indian GWAS only (P-value=0.50; Supplementary table 15) and thus the finding seems to be primarily driven by the European GWAS.9 In contrast, for MS4A4A, a gene known for its role in tumour immune microenvironments for several cancers, analysis restricted to India GWAS only showed nominal association (P-value=9.22 × 10−4) that manifested as a stronger association in TWAS using multi-ancestry meta-analysis, indicating potential shared mechanism across ancestries in this region (Supplementary table 15).62–64