INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: As illustrated in Fig. 3, IVW method showed that TG levels were significant positive association with SHL risk (OR = 1.162, 95% CI 1.072–1.260, p < 0.01), while other lipid and glucose markers, including HDL-C, LDL-C, fasting insulin, fasting glucose, HbA1C, and T2DM, exhibited no significant causal effect on SHL (Fig. 3, p > 0.05).