IGF1 and cancer: Additional associations with frailty found in that study (Chu et al. 2023) were consistent with our results, such as for lower levels of IGF-1 (circulating hormone with anabolic effects on muscle whose dysregulation has been implicated in reduction in muscle mass and strength, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer) (reviewed in Yang et al. 2005), and higher concentrations of SHBG (serum glycoprotein involved in hyper- and hypoandrogenism, thyroid disorders, pituitary diseases, liver disorders, and breast as well as prostate cancer) (reviewed in Thaler et al. 2015).