To deepen our understanding of how VISTA affects anti-tumour immunity in TNBC, we utilised a preclinical mouse model previously described to recapitulate the progression of human TNBC [25, 26], in which Py230 breast cancer cells were orthotopically implanted into the mammary fat pad of recipient syngeneic mice for 30 days (Fig. 1f). This evidence concerns the gene VSIR and breast cancer.