SHBG and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: To determine if total testosterone and SHBG levels were associated with disease risk, we first conducted Mendelian randomization45,46 studies with MVP EUR results and published GWAS studies of gout, type 2 diabetes, obesity, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), hyperlipidemia, and chronic heart failure (Supplementary Data 7).