These data point to a potential dual mechanism of action for CD38-targeted AttenukineTM, involving both tumor- and immune-directed effects, and highlight the potential benefit of a CD38-targeted attenuated IFNα therapy to deliver the known effects of IFNαtreatment to a broad spectrum of patients, while limiting the toxicity typically associated with recombinant IFNα. The gene discussed is CD38; the disease is neoplasm.