These findings were further validated in a separate cohort of 59 patients (Table 1, validation cohort) using the same methodology, gating strategy and cut-off value, confirming an association between ICOS+HLA-DR+PD1+TIGIT+Tbet+ Th cells and a lower risk of grade ≥3 infections (HR 0.245 [95% CI: 0.061 – 0.981], P = 0.031; Figure 2F). Here, TBX21 is linked to infection.