LCN2 and neoplasm: Although previous studies on LCN2 have demonstrated conflicting roles as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene in multiple malignancies, such as gastric cancer (16, 35, 36), breast cancer (15, 37), ovarian cancer (38), prostate cancer (39), oral squamous cell carcinoma (17), hepatocellular carcinoma (18), cholangiocarcinoma (40) and colorectal cancer (41), research on the tumor metastasis is far from sufficient particularly regarding the underlying mechanisms.