VGF and adrenal cortex carcinoma: By regulating this pathway, VGF may directly influence tumor cell survival and resistance to treatment, further supporting its role in ACC progression.In addition, scholars have identified a CpG Island Methylator Phenotype in Adrenocortical Carcinoma, indicating the presence of hypermethylated adrenocortical carcinomas, which have a poorer prognosis (41).