Moreover, excessive use of GH may lead to cardiovascular complications such as acromegaly, myocardial hypertrophy, and hypertension through its effects on endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis formation, oxidative stress, and metabolic homeostasis (106).Although the direct association between GH and tumorigenesis has not been established, GH may increase the risk of tumor recurrence or proliferation (107). Here, GH1 is linked to cardiac hypertrophy.