TNF and autoimmune polyendocrinopathy: In APS, antiphospholipid (aPL) antibodies contribute to a hypercoagulable state through multiple mechanisms, including enhanced platelet aggregation, increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production (e.g., interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha), and upregulation of endothelial glycoprotein IIb/IIIa expression [13].