TNF and Alzheimer disease: Furthermore, the release of inflammatory factors, such as IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, iNOS, and COX-2, was increased in the AβO-induced AD model mice with respect to the controls mice (Figure5A-F, P < .05); the expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and COX-2 were downregulated in AβO-induced AD model mice treated with 0.1 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg PF (Figure 5A, B, D, and F, P < .05); the expression levels of TNF-α and iNOS were downregulated only in AβO-induced AD model mice treated with 1 mg/kg PF (Figure 5C-E; P < .05).