Genetic factors, such as mutations in genes involved in immune function, including nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2), autophagy-related 16-like 1 (ATG16L1), caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 (CARD9), and C-type lectin domain family 7 member A (CLEC7A), can exacerbate these inflammatory responses in IBD [118]. Here, ATG16L1 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.