Given the well-established role of macrophage M1/M2 polarization in tumor,46,47 we found that both macrophages and monocytes in the PW group exhibited M1 polarization, whereas they displayed M2 polarization in the PA group (Supplementary Fig. 7a, b), Moreover, DEGs between the PW and PA groups were enriched in pathways related to macrophage polarization (e.g., IL1, IL10, IFN-γ signaling, and NF-κB activation) and the “response to bacterial associated molecule” pathway (Supplementary Fig. 7c). This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and neoplasm.