ICI treatment alone can increase CD8+ T cell proportions in the TME,9 while the combination of healthy human microbiota transplantation and ICI treatment can synergistically facilitate the accumulation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes after ICI.21 Our findings further indicate that an intact gut microbiota, combined with ICI treatment, may substantially elevate the proportion of specific TILs (e.g., CD4+ T cells, CD8+ effector/central memory T cells, and γδ T cells). This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and neoplasm.