SPP1 and neoplasm: For instance, microbiota-induced STING-type I IFN-dependent monocyte reprogramming of the TME has been demonstrated,20 and SPP1+ tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) have been identified as a determinant of immunotherapy efficacy involved in the tumor immune barrier.25 However, scRNA-seq-based investigation into the synergistic effects of gut microbiota and ICI treatment remains limited, particularly regarding the role of cell-cell communications.