In addition, data from the current study show a high NPV of 91.7%—93.7% for the combination RDT, which is consistent with that of RDTs detecting HRP2 in high transmission settings in Uganda [7, 48] and suggests that Bioline Malaria Ag P.f/Pan combination RDTs are highly accurate in ruling out malaria infection. Here, HDGFL2 is linked to malaria.