SPHK2 and Alzheimer disease: While both SPHK2 and PPIF are overexpressed and likely contribute to neuronal death in both human patients with Huntington’s disease or Alzheimer’s disease and rodent models of these diseases, knockout or inhibition of these genes protects against neurodegeneration (Moruno-Manchon et al., 2017; Takasugi et al., 2011; Du et al., 2008; Du et al., 2011).