CP and diabetic kidney disease: The novel biomarkers that are being studied in DKD include (a) glomerular markers like transferrin, Type IV collagen, ceruloplasmin, and fibronectin; (b) tubular biomarkers like α1-microglobulin (A1M), Serum Cystatin C, L-FABP, N-acetyl-β-D-glycosaminidase (NAG), urinary immunoglobulin G and M, Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1); and (c) markers of oxidative stress/inflammation like 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), pentosidine, AGA, TNF-α, TNFAR-1/2, IL-6, and VEGF [31].