There were no differences in factor H levels, but factor B levels were lower, consistent with alternative pathway activation and consumption of factor B. Notably, in an unbiased proteomics analysis, factor D was one of the most significantly increased proteins in the extracellular vesicles of the CKD subjects in comparison with healthy controls, with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis indicating a strong signal for complement, complement fragments, and complement regulator proteins (103). Here, LIF is linked to chronic kidney disease.