MMP9 and ovarian cancer: Isoflurane increased the expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, IGF-1R, VEGF, MMP2 and MMP9 in ovarian cancer cells, enhanced angiogenesis ability, and significantly increased cell migration, which was the first time that isoflurane was found to increase the malignant potential of ovarian cancer cells through IGF1/HIF signaling pathway in vitro (Luo et al., 2015).