Fentanyl can specifically activate EGFR and its downstream MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, thereby promoting the proliferation and migration of ovarian cancer cells, but has no significant effect on cell apoptosis, and can reduce the death of ovarian cancer cells when combined with chemotherapy drugs (Xiao et al., 2022). Here, EGFR is linked to ovarian carcinoma.