In the comparative analysis between the DSS-PBS and control groups, as well as between the DSS-PBS and DSS-THA groups, proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-11, IL-1α, IL-6, and IL-22RA, were identified in the heatmap constructed, indicating their upregulation in DSS-induced colitis tissue, as shown in Figs. 2A and B. As illustrated in Figs. 2C and D, KEGG pathway analysis revealed significant alterations in genes associated with the immune system. Here, IL6 is linked to colitis.