For example, the great potential shown in inflammatory bowel disease; inflammatory bowel disease (#2), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (#7), and cancer (#8) constitute a category focusing on the therapeutic application of A. muciniphila in the field of disease; gut microbiota (#1), immune response (#3), extracellular vesicles (#4), insulin resistance (#5), intestinal barrier (#6), bile acid (#9) focusing on the study of mechanism of action on A. muciniphila. Here, INS is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.