TGFB1 and renal fibrosis: Prior studies have proved that curcumin can ameliorate renal fibrosis by inhibiting the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway (Chen et al., 2021; Chadanat and Visith, 2024), and the mechanism blocks its profibrotic actions on renal fibroblasts through the downregulation of TβRII, partial inhibition of c-Jun activity (Jens et al., 2004), and through reversing ADAMTS18 gene methylation (Ben et al., 2023).