TUG1 and acute kidney injury: These nucleic acids include miR-216a-5p (Zhang Y. et al., 2020), miR-146a-5p (Li et al., 2020), lncRNA taurine-upregulated gene 1 (TUG1) (Sun et al., 2022), and circ DENND4C (Yang et al., 2024) In addition to stem cell-derived exosomes, which can be used as potential therapeutic tools for AKI, exosomes derived from other cell types also exhibit comparable therapeutic benefits.