TGFB1 and IgA glomerulonephritis: Yu M. et al. (2022) found that exosomal miR-4455 from MCs induces podocyte injury in IgA nephropathy by targeting ULK2. Furthermore, it has been reported that exosomes derived from HG-treated MCs can induce podocyte injury through the TGF-β1-PI3K/AKT pathway. Notably, berberine has been shown to protect podocyte function by inhibiting the transfer of TGF-β1 from the GMCs to the podocytes (Wang et al., 2018).