Overall, similar to VPGs, DEGs uncovered a suppressed antiviral cGAS-STING pathway in the SN of PD patients, validating for the first time that symbiotic virobiota underlies PD pathogenesis, and provided a novel insight into the understanding of PD pathogenesis from the perspective of virus–human symbiosis (Fig 9). Here, STING1 is linked to Parkinson disease.